![Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE)](/system/files/styles/max_2600x2600/private/2019-08/Molecular-beam_epitaxy_0.jpg?itok=bmNb72I4)
MBE of any 11 of 62 elements (colored in periodic table below) at one time and refills without breaking chamber vacuum
Tsub < 1000 °C
Poxidant < 10–5 Torr
oxidant can be O2, ~10% O3 (output of ozone generator), or ~80% O3 (distilled ozone)
with in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM), multi-beam optical stress sensor (MOSS), real-time band-edge temperature (BandiT) measurement, quadrupole mass spectrometer